- Knowledge is based on reflected, processed information.
- Information is gathered data and provides meaning and relevance to data.
- Data is raw, unprocessed facts and figures.
- Now, to get from cave paintings to AI, humans had to develop a way to conserve data, information and knowledge - each step, each item through time.
- to conserve knowledge, information and data, for the past 32.000 years humans used:
- stone
- clay
- leather
- Papurus
- paper
- book
- computer
| BCE | milestone |
|---|---|
| 30,000 | cave paintings (Chauvet Cave) |
| 10.000 | Petroglyphs - carvings into a rock surface |
| ~9.500 | Göbekli Tepe |
| 9000 | Pictograms - a symbol representing a concept, object, activity, place or event by illustration |
| 5000-3500 | - earliest evidence of wheels in Mesopotania - cuneiform (Sumerians, include some pictographic elements, consists of abstract signs representing syllables, words, or sounds) |
| 3000 | - Papyrus - Sumerians developed writing and began keeping records. |
| 2500 | - Ideograms - graphical symbols that represent an idea - Royal Archives of Ebla (library) |
| 1550 | 1st math book: Rhind Mathematical Papyrus; - includes arithmetic, geometry, algebraic equations, fractions, and proportions |
| 700 | earliest Greek inscriptions using modified alphabet data adopted from the Poenician alphabet |
| 690 | Library of Ashurbanipal, Mesopotamia |
| 350 | Aristotle’s “Posterior Analytics,” Aristotle’s Organon - introduces the concept of demonstration (apodeixis) as a method for acquiring scientific knowledge based on logical inference from first principles (axioms) and necessary truths, the structure of syllogistic reasoning and the criteria for valid scientific inference - laying the groundwork for later developments in logic and epistemology. - translated in Cordoba during the Muslim rule |
| 300 | Euclid - The Elements (Greek: Στοιχεῖα Stoikheîa) - a mathematical treatise consisting of 13 books - BOOK I Triangles, parallels, and area - BOOK II Geometric algebra - BOOK III Circles - BOOK IV Constructions for inscribed and circumscribed figures - BOOK V Theory of proportions - translated in Cordoba during the Muslim rule |
| 285-246 | Library of Alexandria - Ptolemy II Philadelphus - mainly scrolls and books |
| 131 | first newspaper (“Acta Diurna”, during the time of Julius Caesar) |
- image of the population within the Roman empire
| AD | milestone |
|---|---|
| 150 | Ptolemy’s Geography - map is based on earlier sources, - includes the writings of ancient Greek and Roman geographers, as well as firsthand accounts from travelers and explorers. - Magellan used it. |
| 224 | invention of zero by Aryabhata (Bakhshali Manuscript) written on birch bark (might have come from Babylon (350BCE)) - Musa al-Khwarizmi (~820) Persian mathematicians - Robert of Chester translates it to Latin (1144) - Fibonacci popularizes the concept (The Book of Calculation, 1202) |
| 476 | last Roman emperor, Romulus Augustus |
| 477 - 524 | first Italian School book: Trivium by Boethius - used in medieval schools as framework for education during the Carolingian Renaissance. - The “Trivium” consisted of three subjects: - grammar, rhetoric, and dialectic (logic) |
| 5th - 10th century | Dark Ages - no library of any kind in Europe - decline of centralized authority, - the fragmentation of political power, - frequent invasions and migrations by various peoples (Germanic tribes, the Huns, and the Vikings), - collapse of long-distance trade networks, - the decline of urban centers, - the loss of classical learning |
| 711 - 1492 | Muslim rule of Spain - cities with libraries: Cordoba, Toledo, Granada, Seville, Almeria, Malaga |
| date | milestone |
|---|---|
| 1040 | first library in Czech - Strahov Monastery Library, Prague |
| 1088 | first University in the Western world: - University of Bologna in northern Italy - specialized in legal studies (development of Roman law and canon law),theology, medicine, philosophy, and the liberal arts |
| 1096 - 1291 | The Crusades |
| 1134 | first University in Spain - University of Salamanca - specialized in theology, philosophy, and law |
| 1154 | first printed map - technique of copperplate engraving is the “Tabula Rogeriana,” - created by the Andalusian cartographer Muhammad al-Idrisi; - commissioned by King Roger II of Sicily; - incorporated knowledge from various sources, including Arab, Greek, and Roman geographers |
| 1170 | first Highschool in France - Collège des Dix-Huit |
| 1246 | first Highschool in Sweden - Uppsala Cathedral School |
| 1248 | first University in England - University of Oxford - specialized in theology, philosophy, and science study |
| 1257 | first University in France - Sarbonne |
| 1286 | first German schoolbook - (“Catholicon,” by Johannes Balbi) |
| 1321 | Portolan Charts/map by Pietro Vesconte, - Magellan used it |
| 1339 | Portolan Charts/map by Angelino Dulcert, - Magellan used it |
| 1347-1351 | The Black Death - in some places, it’s believed that up to 60% of the population perished due to the disease. |
| 1348 | first University in Czech - Charles University (Universitas Carolina) in Prague - Founded by Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV |
| 1386 | first University in Germany - University of Heidelberg |
| 1389 | first Highschool in Holland - Stedelijk Gymnasium Haarlem |
| 1450 | first English Schoolbook (hornbook) |
| 1450 | Gutenberg invents printing - knowledge becomes available, affordable for the masses |
| 1453 | The Ottoman Empire, under the command of Sultan Mehmed II, captured Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) from the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire) |
| 1480 | first German printed school book - “Der Ackermann aus Böhmen”(The Ploughman from Bohemia) - by Albrecht Pfister |
| 1465 | first book printed in Italy - “Epistolae” (Letters) by Cicero - produced by the German printer Conrad Sweynheym and the Italian printer Arnold Pannartz |
| 1472 | first book printed in Spain - (“Sinodal de Aguilafuente”) - topics related to religious and moral conduct |
| 1473 | first book printed in France - “Recueil des histoires de Troye” (Collection of the Histories of Troy), printed by the printer and publisher Guillaume Le Roy |
| 1474 | first book printed in England - “The Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye”” (Collection of the Histories of Troy) - William Caxton, a merchant, diplomat, and printer, produced the book in Bruges, Belgium |
| 1476 | first book printed in Greece - “Grammar of the Greek Language.”(Γραμματική της Ελληνικής Γλώσσης) |
| 1480 | first English printed school book - “The Accidence,” - William Caxton, Westminster |
| 1499 | first printed Greek dictionary - “Lexicon Graecolatinum,” (“Λεξικόν Ελληνολατινικόν”) |
| date | milestone |
|---|---|
| 1492-1504 | Christopher Columbus made his voyages across the Atlantic Ocean |
| 1500 | Map of Juan de la Cosa; the only known cartographic work made by an eyewitness of the first voyages of Christopher Columbus. - Magellan used it. |
| 1507 | first map, printed or manuscript (One map on 12 sheets, made from original woodcut), to depict clearly a separate Western Hemisphere, with the Pacific as a separate ocean. - by Martin Waldseemüller - map represented a huge leap forward in knowledge, recognizing the newly found American landmass and forever changing the European understanding of a world divided into only three parts—Europe, Asia, and Africa - data gathered during Amerigo Vespucci’s voyages of 1501–1502 to the New World. - Magellan used it |
| 1517 | Martin Luther nailes his Ninety-five Theses to the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg, Germany |
| 1519 | Magellan left Spain (maps used: Portolan Charts, Ptolemy’s Geography, Nautical Almanacs, Cartographic Knowledge of the Day by Martin Waldseemüller, Juan de la Cosa) |
| 1528 | first Highschool in Germany - Fürstenschule St. Afra (St. Afra’s Princely School) |
| 1552 | first Highschool in England - King Edward VI Grammar School |
| 1556 | first Italian printed news paper established (“Notizie scritte,”) |
| 1560 | first wooden pencil by Italian couple Simonio and Lyndiana Bernacotti |
| 1564 | graphite from the roman writing instrument called the stylus (Pencil by Konrad Gessner) |
| 1572 | first library in Germany - Ducal Library of Wolfenbüttel by the Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg |
| ~1590 | first microscope by Dutch spectacle maker Zacharias Janssen |
| 1597 | Sir Francis Bacon: - “knowledge itself is power” - “Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man.” |
| 1604 | first English dictionary (A Table Alphabeticall by Robert Cawdrey) |
| 1605 | first on a regular basis printed newspaper (Johann Carolus, who published the “Relation aller Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien” (Account of all Distinguished and Commemorable News) in Germany) |
| 1608 | telescope invented by Hans Lippershey, Netherlands |
| 1609 | first telescope in Spain (Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz, a mathematician and philosopher); Galileo heard of it the same year |
| 1618 - 1648 | Thirty Years’ War |
| 1621 | first English printed news paper established (“Corante,” ) |
| 1631 | first French printed newspaper established (“La Gazette,” ) |
| 1635 | first French printed dictionary (“Dictionnaire de l’Académie française”) by Cardinal Richelieu |
| 1635 | first Highschool in the US - Boston Latin School (preparatory school for students intending to enter Harvard College ) |
| 1643 | Barometer (by Evangelista Torricelli ) |
| 1668 | Isaac Newton small flat diagonal mirror to reflect the light to an eyepiece mounted on the side of the telescope |
| 1669 | first Highschool in Ireland - The King’s Hospital (Dublin) |
| 1696 | law for mandatory education in England |
| 1698 | first practical steam engine by Thomas Slavery |
| 1717 | law for mandatory education in Germany by Frederick William I |
| 1725 | first annual almanac (“The Astronomical Diary and Almanac.” in Boston) |
| 1732 - 1758 | Benjamin Franklin printed Poor Richard’s Almanack |
| 1734 | first German dictionary (Glossarium Germanicum) |
| 1739 | first printed German almanac (Der Hoch-Deutsch Amerikanische Calender) |
| 1779 | Samuel Crompton invents the spinning mule - protoypye of the Factory System |
| 1791 | law for mandatory education in France - “Gall-Pestalozzi Law.” |
| 1821 | first printed newspaper in Greece - “Ἐφημερίς” (Efimeris) |
| 1836 | Electrical Telegraph |
| 1837 | first University in Greece - University of Athens |
| 1857 | law for mandatory education in Spain - “Moyano Law” |
| 1859 | law for mandatory education in Italy - “Casati Law” |
| 1861 | first Italian dictionary (Dizionario della Lingua Italiana) |
| 1868 | - first typewriter (by Americans Christopher Latham Sholes, Frank Haven Hall, Carlos Glidden and Samuel W. Soule) - The World Almanac and Encyclopedia” and “The World Almanac and Book of Facts”. by the New York World newspaper |
| 1876 | Telephone |
| 1905 | first intelligence test (Binet-Simon Scale) |
| 1911 | law for mandatory education in Greece - “Gounaris Law” |
| 1917 | first IQ test used in the military - Army Alpha: personnel selection and placement during World War I |
| 1958 | first microchip by engineer Jack Kilby |
| 1973 | first usable truly portable mobile telephone (Martin Cooper) |
| 1983 | first commercially available cell phone (Motorola DynaTAC 8000X) |
| 1992 | Text Messaging |
Comment/observation
- when examining this data, the trajectory of AI’s future development appears less speculative.