String Methods

Building Strings

• Concatenate operator to combine strings

str(object)
# return a string from a given object

• operands must be strings
• Use the strin fuction to convert other types to strings

mean = (1+2+3+4) / 4
print('the aver is: ' + mean + '.')
# Output 
Typeerror: can only concatenate str (not float) to str

print('the aver is: ' + str(mean) + '.')
# Output 
the aver is: 2.5.

Formatted String Literals

• also called formated string literals of f-strings
• use replacemnt fields
  • Placeholders where a vlaue will appear
  • Indicated by {} and a value

mean = (1+2+3+4) / 4
print(f'the aver is: {mean}.')

Format specifiers

• codes to change the appearance of replacement fiuelds
• placed after the value and a colon in the replacement field
  • {value: format_specifier}
• Examples
  • currency
  • floating point
  • width and alignment

,.2f

# , thousands seperator
# .2f two digits after the decimal point

price = 12345.6
print(f'the price is: {price}.')
print(f'the price is: {price:,.2f}.')

Floating point

• .[digits]f

pi = 3.14159
print(f'pi with 3 digits: {pi:,.3f}.')x 

Alignment and Width

• <,^,>

city = 'Berkeley'
print(f'|{city:<20}|')
print(f'|{city:^20}|')
print(f'|{city:>20}|')

# Output
|Berkeley           |
|       Berkeley    |
|           Berkeley|